Stock Price Trends

Visa Inc. Class A (V)

Visa Inc. is an American multinational financial services corporation headquartered in Foster City, California, United States. It facilitates electronic funds transfers throughout the world, most commonly through Visa-branded credit cards, debit cards and prepaid cards. Visa is one of the world's most valuable companies.

Stock Price Trends

Stock price trends estimated using linear regression.

Key facts

  • The primary trend is increasing.
  • The growth rate of the primary trend is 22.91% per annum.
  • V price at the close of April 1, 2025 was $346.35 and was inside the primary price channel.
  • The secondary trend is increasing.
  • The growth rate of the secondary trend is 60.65% per annum.
  • V price at the close of April 1, 2025 was inside the secondary price channel.

Linear Regression Model

Model equation:
Yi = α + β × Xi + εi

Top border of price channel:
Exp(Yi) = Exp(a + b × Xi + 2 × s)

Bottom border of price channel:
Exp(Yi) = Exp(a + b × Xi – 2 × s)

where:

i - observation number
Yi - natural logarithm of V price
Xi - time index, 1 day interval
σ - standard deviation of εi
a - estimator of α
b - estimator of β
s - estimator of σ
Exp() - calculates the exponent of e


Primary Trend

Start date: August 23, 2022
End date: April 1, 2025

a = 4.7654

b = 0.0006

s = 0.0471

Annual growth rate:

Exp(365 × b) – 1
= Exp(365 × 0.0006) – 1
= 22.91%

Price channel spread:

Exp(4 × s) – 1
= Exp(4 × 0.0471) – 1
= 20.72%

August 23, 2022 calculations

Top border of price channel:

Exp(Y602)
= Exp(a + b × X602 + 2 × s)
= Exp(a + b × 873 + 2 × s)
= Exp(4.7654 + 0.0006 × 873 + 2 × 0.0471)
= Exp(5.3529)
= $211.23

Bottom border of price channel:

Exp(Y602)
= Exp(a + b × X602 – 2 × s)
= Exp(a + b × 873 – 2 × s)
= Exp(4.7654 + 0.0006 × 873 – 2 × 0.0471)
= Exp(5.1647)
= $174.98

April 1, 2025 calculations

Top border of price channel:

Exp(Y1,255)
= Exp(a + b × X1,255 + 2 × s)
= Exp(a + b × 1,825 + 2 × s)
= Exp(4.7654 + 0.0006 × 1,825 + 2 × 0.0471)
= Exp(5.8910)
= $361.77

Bottom border of price channel:

Exp(Y1,255)
= Exp(a + b × X1,255 – 2 × s)
= Exp(a + b × 1,825 – 2 × s)
= Exp(4.7654 + 0.0006 × 1,825 – 2 × 0.0471)
= Exp(5.7027)
= $299.68

Description

  • The primary trend is increasing.
  • The growth rate of the primary trend is 22.91% per annum.
  • V price at the close of April 1, 2025 was $346.35 and was inside the primary price channel.

Secondary Trend

Start date: July 19, 2024
End date: April 1, 2025

a = 3.5108

b = 0.0013

s = 0.0287

Annual growth rate:

Exp(365 × b) – 1
= Exp(365 × 0.0013) – 1
= 60.65%

Price channel spread:

Exp(4 × s) – 1
= Exp(4 × 0.0287) – 1
= 12.15%

July 19, 2024 calculations

Top border of price channel:

Exp(Y1,080)
= Exp(a + b × X1,080 + 2 × s)
= Exp(a + b × 1,569 + 2 × s)
= Exp(3.5108 + 0.0013 × 1,569 + 2 × 0.0287)
= Exp(5.6059)
= $272.03

Bottom border of price channel:

Exp(Y1,080)
= Exp(a + b × X1,080 – 2 × s)
= Exp(a + b × 1,569 – 2 × s)
= Exp(3.5108 + 0.0013 × 1,569 – 2 × 0.0287)
= Exp(5.4912)
= $242.56

April 1, 2025 calculations

Top border of price channel:

Exp(Y1,255)
= Exp(a + b × X1,255 + 2 × s)
= Exp(a + b × 1,825 + 2 × s)
= Exp(3.5108 + 0.0013 × 1,825 + 2 × 0.0287)
= Exp(5.9384)
= $379.34

Bottom border of price channel:

Exp(Y1,255)
= Exp(a + b × X1,255 – 2 × s)
= Exp(a + b × 1,825 – 2 × s)
= Exp(3.5108 + 0.0013 × 1,825 – 2 × 0.0287)
= Exp(5.8237)
= $338.23

Description

  • The secondary trend is increasing.
  • The growth rate of the secondary trend is 60.65% per annum.
  • V price at the close of April 1, 2025 was inside the secondary price channel.